Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are formed by colonies of tiny animals called coral polyps that secrete calcium carbonate to create a hard exoskeleton. Coral reefs support a wide variety of marine life, including fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, and are known for their vibrant colors and biodiversity. However, coral reefs are facing numerous threats, including climate change, ocean acidification, pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices. These factors are causing coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and habitat destruction, leading to a decline in coral reef health and biodiversity. Research in the field of coral reefs aims to understand the complex interactions between corals and their environment, identify strategies for conservation and restoration, and develop sustainable management practices to protect these valuable ecosystems for future generations. Scientists study coral biology, physiology, ecology, and genetics to better understand how corals respond to environmental stressors and how they can be protected and restored.